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Scandinavia overview

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe. ASärna in modern-day Sweden.
common definition includes Denmark, mainlandAlso Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands,
Norway and Sweden. Sometimes Finland isShetland, the Orkneys, Isle of Man and the
included, even in official contexts, althoughHebrides.)
since the rise of Scandinavism in 1850s, this
inclusion divides opinions in all of theThe three kingdoms were united in 1397 in the
respective states. Also Iceland isKalmar Union[11] by Queen Margrete I of
occasionally  included.Denmark. Divergent interests among the
independent nations led to the Union's final
The  usage  and  meaning  of the term varies:dissolution in 1536. Norway remained united
with Denmark; Norway's possessions in the
In English, "Scandinavia" is normally appliedNorth Atlantic (Iceland, Greenland, and the
collectively to Norway, Sweden and Denmark,Faroe Islands) remained under the Danish
but the term is sometimes extended to includecrown even after the Dano-Norwegian union was
Finland,  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands.dissolved in 1814. Sweden left the union in
1523  under  King  Gustav  Vasa.
In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
Sweden: The term "Scandinavia" usually refersIn the mid 17th century, the Treaty of
to Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but FinlandBrömsebro and Treaty of
and even Iceland are sometimes included. TheRoskilde permanently transferred some
five countries and their associatedprovinces and islands from Norway and Denmark
territories are collectively referred to asto  Sweden.
the Nordic Countries. Some North Europeans
could even take offence to being or not beingAfter the Napoleonic Wars, Scandinavia was
classified  as  Scandinavians.reorganized  into  two  personal  unions:
In Germany: Norway, Sweden and Denmark areDenmark with Schleswig-Holstein (dissolved in
always  included, and sometimes also Finland.1864; included former overseas provinces of
Norway)
The geography of Scandinavia is extremely
varied, because of the large extent of theSweden  and  Norway  (dissolved  in  1905)
area. Notable are the Norwegian fjords, the
Scandinavian Mountains, the flat, low areasDenmark-Norway
in Denmark, and the archipelagos of Sweden
and Finland. When Finland is included, theDenmark-Norway is the historiographical name
moraines (ice age remnants) and lake areasfor a former political entity, union,
are also notable. Several of the largestconsisting of the kingdoms of Denmark and
lakes in Europe are found in Sweden andNorway, including the Norwegian dependencies
Finland.of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Following the strife surrounding the break-up
The climate varies from north to south andof its predecessor, the Kalmar Union, the two
from west to east; a marine west coastkingdoms entered into another personal union
climate (Cfb) typical of western Europein 1536 which lasted until 1814. The
dominates in Denmark, southernmost part ofcorresponding adjective and demonym is
Sweden and along the west coast of NorwayDano-Norwegian.
reaching north to 65°N,
with orographic lift giving more than 2000 mmThree sovereign successor states have
year precipitation (max 3500 mm) in somesubsequently emerged from this unequal union:
areas in western Norway. The central part -Denmark,  Norway  and  Iceland.
from Oslo to Stockholm and Helsinki - has a
humid continental climate (Dfb), whichIn the aftermath of Sweden's definite
gradually gives way to subarctic climatesecession from the Kalmar Union in 1521,
(Dfc) further north and cool marine westcivil war and Protestant Reformation followed
coast climate (Cfc) along the northwesternin Denmark and Norway. When things had
coast. A small area along the northern coastsettled down, the Privy Council (Rigsraadet)
east of North Cape has tundra climate (Et)of Denmark became weakened, and finally
due to lack of summer warmth. Theabolished in 1660. The Norwegian Privy
Scandinavian Mountains block the mild andCouncil was assembled for the last time in
moist air coming from the southwest, thus1537. Norway kept its separate laws and some
northern Sweden, northern Finland andinstitutions, such as a royal chancellor, and
Finnmarksvidda plateau in Norway receiveseparate coinage and army. Being a hereditary
little precipitation and have cold winters.kingdom, Norway's status as separate from
Large areas in the Scandinavian mountainsDenmark was important to the royal dynasty in
have  alpine  tundra  climate.its struggles to win elections as kings of
Denmark.
Scandinavia was Christianized in the
10th-13th centuries, resulting in threeAfter the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway was
consolidated  kingdoms.defeated and had to cede the territory of
Norway proper to the King of Sweden, formally
Denmark forged from the Lands of Denmarkeffected at the Treaty of Kiel. Norway's
(including Blekinge, Gotland, Halland andoverseas  possessions  were  kept by Denmark.
Scania  in  modern-day  Sweden)
In the mid 17th century, the Treaty of
Sweden  forged  from  the  Lands  of  SwedenBrömsebro and Treaty of
Roskilde permanently transferred some
Norway (including Bohuslän,provinces and islands from Norway and Denmark
Härjedalen,to Sweden.
Jämtland and Idre &



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